REVIEW ON KATHMANDU CITY POLLUTION

 The global climate crisis is imminent, and its effect is everywhere, from plants to wild animals and human beings. The significant impact of the climate crisis on the mountainous regions is more vulnerable. Kathmandu, the capital city of federal Nepal, lies at an altitude of 1400 meters to the sea level has seen the major climate crisis. The unplanned towns and lack of waste management are the burning problems for the metropolitan city.

 

Pic source: PRI.ORG

 

The total population of Kathmandu is around 1.4 Million at an increased rate of 3.49 percentage. The vast number of migrants people and vast numbers of communities to the city made it hard to manage plans properly. Moreover, the increase in the use of diesel and petrol used vehicles led to the rise in air pollutions and noise Pollutions.

 

The air quality of Kathmandu is worsening every day. As of a report in 2016 from the Environmental Performance Index( EPI), Kathmandu valleys air quality rank third from the bottom of around 180 countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports a delicate particulate matter of up to 140 µg m-3 - which is approximately ten times higher than the WHO limit. Due to air pollutions, there is a significant rise in air-related health diseases. The study from the Bhuwan Saud and Govinda Paudel showed that a high number of respiratory infections were reported in hospitalized patients of various Kathmandu Valley hospitals, as shown in Figure.

Fig: Disease-wise distribution of hospitalized patient in
Kathmandu Valley (Source: K. B. Karki, P. Dhakal, S. L. Shrestha et al., Situation Analysis of Ambient Air Pollution and Respiratory Effects in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal, 2015)

With its growing number of people generating more than 150 tons of waste per day, the debris is thrown to the near river like Bagmati and Bishnumati, which destroyed waterways' ecological environment without proper waste management. The collected waste is dumped at the Nuwakot district, which is 30 Km from Kathmandu. The whole ecology system is disturbed near the groundwater areas of leaving sites. The residents strike several times against the Metropolitian government by opposing the dumping area; however, the problem is not yet solved. Due to this, people have reported numerous long term health-related diseases and fatalities of their domestic animals.

 

Another unplanned Kathmandu urbanization caused the scarcity of drinking water. The demands of drinking water in the Kathmandu valley are 350 million litres per day, above which only 90 million litres supplies. The deficit relies on underground surface water. The excessive use of underground surface water and temp increase reduced the resources of water. According to the study carried by Rajesh Sada, Anushiya Shrestha and Ashutosh Shukla, it concludes that urbanization and climate changes led to a decrease in the underground source water at Lubhu in Kathmandu.

 

The government should make an excellent vision to reduce the migrations towards the city by creating equal opportunities, an appropriate plan of urbanization, use of Electrical Vehicles, right (4Rs) Reuse, Recycle, Reduce and Recover, awareness towards the community. Strong environmental policies and long term supply plan for drinking water.

 

Comparison of energy backup solutions system with Lead ACID battery/ Lithium Iron Polymers/ Diesel Generator

This is the case study of a storage based system of Mana mohan Community hospital at Pharphing.  The main intention of these case studies is to filter the various storage system of backup system with comparison with Lead acid battery storage system VS Lithium Battery Storage VS Diesel Generator.

The aim of this comparison model is to figure out the best model of different storage system, its reliability, financial viability and sustainability with different schemes of technical advantages and specifications.

Load Calculations

Sno	Load Name	Power rating watt	No	Total
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14) 15) 16)	Incubator Refrigerator Video Xray ESU IRW X-Ray machine X-Ray machine Digital Air Cooler Desktop Computer CDP Machine Hematology Analyzer Blood Chem Analyzer Microscope Light 1Hp Motor used in dentist X-Ray monitor	650 400 480 640 650 12000 5600 1000 150 200 230 45 30 20 746 20	2 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 4 1 1 1 1 60 1 4	1300 800 480 1280 650 12000 5600 2000 600 200 230 45 30 1200 746 80
Total Load in watt hour		27241

Model based on a Diesel generator

The Maximum peak load of the system is 12 KW X ray machines. So we need to go the minimum of 35 KVA Generator systems. The total load is 27241 Watt hr. The minimum back up time requires for the hospital is 4 hr. So the total load is 110 Kwhr Per day.

Sn	Particulars	Price	5 Years estimation	10 Years Life time	Life (15 yrs) time Price.
1. 2. 3.	Generator  30 KVA 35 KVA. Yearly Service charges. Yearly Fuel Consumptions.( Rs 32 per unit).	23,00,000 10,000 12,94,800	(23,00,000) 50000 65,40,800	(23,00,000) 1,00,000 1,30,81,600	(2300000) 1,50,000 1,96,22,400
	Total Price	36,04,800	88,90,800	1,54,81,600	2,20,72,400

The average per unit charges consideration of present market price of diesel with generator comes at 32 Rupees per unit is 12,94,800. The total life period of generator is taken as 15 years. This is the projected figure with the minimum of 4 hr backup of per day till 15 years.

Financial Model: 

      a)      The total project life time with 5 years

The total Loan period is taken as 5 years and the initial investment is 23, 00,000 with the interest rate of 10 % annually and the monthly instalment is 48,868. However, the annual fuel consumption cost with an average charges per KW hr diesel comes around 12,94,800, and monthly comes around 1,07,900. . Finally the total monthly expenses comes with EMI and fuel expenses is 1,56,768 and annually is 15,91,392. Hence the per unit electricity cost (Kw hr) is Rs 46.86.

      b)     The Total project life time with 10 years.

The total loan period is taken as 10 years and the initial investment is 23,00,000. However the loan term is all of the above however the total monthly expenses with EMI and fuel charges is 1,38,295 and the per unit electricity cost is 41.91.

 c)       The total project life time with 15 Years.

The total loan period and project life time taken as 15 years. The financial term is taken the same as above. The total monthly expenses with EMI and fuel charges is 1,32,616. Hence the electricity cost of per unit (Kwhr) is 39.64

Fig1: Monthly EMI and Monthly Total Expenses

Fig2 : Diesel generator Kwhr per unit price.

2. Model Based on Lead Acid Battery storage system.

The total life time of a Lead ACID VRLA battery is taken as a maximum of 5 years @ C 10 for this consideration. However the per unit KWhr is taken as 8.46 because of the efficiency of the storage of battery at a charging and at a discharging with an overall efficiency of whole system is 53 %.

The total cost of the system with inverter is 32,76,500.

Sn	Particulars	Price	Life (5 years)	10 years.	15 years.
1. 2. 3.	Inverter Battery (40Nos 200Ah/ 12V ) Electricity(Per Unit Rs 8.46)	765500 3200000 3,33,552	(765500) 32,00,000 16,67,760	(765500) 32,00,000 1667760	(765500) 32,00,000 16,67,760
	Total	3998550	48,67,760	48,67,760	48,67,760

               
       a)  The Total project life time with 5 years.

The total project life time consist of 5 years with EMI is 84245 and the total running cost with fuel and EMI is 1,12,041. The per unit electricity cost (kwhr) is Rs 33.49.

       b)     The total project life time with 10 years.

The inverter life time is taken as 10 years however the lead acid battery maximum life time is only 5 years. So the EMI has done separately with the inverter of 10 years and battery in separate of 5/ 5 years. The inverter monthly EMI is 10116 (The financial terms taken same as the diesel generator of the above) and battery is 67,991 and altogether is 78,077. However the total expenses including EMI is 1,05,873 and the per unit electricity cost( Kwhr) is Rs 31.65

      c)      The total project life time with 15 years.

The inverter life time is taken as 15 years however the lead acid battery maximum life time is only 5 years. However the EMI of battery is same and the inverter EMI is Rs 8226 and the total monthly EMI including battery and inverter is 76,217 expenses with EMI is 1,04,013. The per unit electricity cost is Rs 31.08.

Fig3: Monthly EMI and Monthly Total Expenses of a lead acid storage battery.

Fig4 : Lead acid battery storage Kwhr per unit price.

3. Model Based on Lithium Battery storage system.

The actual minimum life time of a lithium battery is of 15 years. The financial term is taken as the same of above.

Sn	Particulars	Price	Life (5 years)	10 years.	15 years.
1. 2. 3.	Inverter Battery 110 Kwhr Electricity(Per Unit Rs 5.76)	1021680 5448644 2,29,284	(1021680) (3357200) 1146420	(1021680) (3357200) 2292840	(1021680) …………..  34,39,260
	Total	5799608	114642	114642	1146420

      a)      The total project life time with 5 years.

The total life project life time and depreciation is taken as a 5 years period. The financial term as of above with the same other models.  The total initial investment is 64,70,324. The monthly EMI is 1,37,475. However the total monthly expenses including EMI and battery charging expenses 1,48,932. The per unit (Kwhr) electricity charges is Rs 44.52.

b)     The total Project life time with 10 years.

The total life project life time and depreciation is taken as a 10 years period. The financial term as of above with the same other models.  The total initial investment is 64,70,324. The monthly EMI is  85,506. However the total monthly expenses including EMI and battery charging expenses 1,23,720. The per unit (Kwhr) electricity charges is Rs 31.27.

     c)      The total Project life time with 15 years.

This is the actual project life of a lithium battery storage system. . The financial term as of above with the same other models.. The monthly EMI is 69,530. However the total monthly expenses including EMI and battery charging expenses is 88,637. The per unit (Kwhr) electricity charges is Rs 26.5.

Fig5: Monthly EMI and Monthly Total Expenses of a lithium storage battery.

Fig6: Lead acid battery storage Kwhr per unit price.

 4. Comparisons of three storage models.

The three different models have taken a reference for the system with three different project life times. Hence this models is done in order to evaluate the maximum charges and clear for the per unit charges at a different time. However the financing is done under cent percent investment from a loan with 10 % interest rate.

a)      The evaluation of three different models with 5 years project life time.

The three different energy solutions are taken as a reference of project life time of 5 years. The initial investment of a diesel generator is lower than two models but per unit cost of energy is cheaper of lead acid battery then others two models (diesel and lithium storage).

Fig7: 5 years life time comparison with Diesel, Lead Acid and Lithium Battery backup system.

Fig8: 5 years life time per unit energy (Kwhr) comparison with Diesel, Lead Acid and Lithium Battery backup system.

b)      The evaluation of three different models with 10 years project life time.

The initial investment of all the three different would not change however the EMI will changes. The per unit electricity charge of diesel is 41.91, Lead acid 31.65 and lithium storage is 31.27.

Fig9: 10 years life time per unit energy (Kwhr) comparison with Diesel, Lead Acid and Lithium Battery backup system.

Fig10: 10 years life time comparison with Diesel, Lead Acid and Lithium Battery backup system.

c)      The evaluation of three different models with 10 years project life time.

Fig11: 15 years life time comparison with Diesel, Lead Acid and Lithium Battery backup system.

Fig12: 10 years life time comparison with Diesel, Lead Acid and Lithium Battery backup system

Hence, the initial investment of a diesel generator is less than the above lithium and lead acid battery storage however the running expenses of diesel generator is high. Moreover, the environment impact and pollution analysis are beyond the scope of this analysis but in real time analysis this issue should have to come in benefit for Lead acid storage and Lithium.  

Even though, the waste management of lead acid battery is very difficult and it is more threating to the environment and direct human health too. This analysis has not done yet and should be done in more convenient way. The maximum life time of a lead acid battery is only five year. So in every five years the waste generation by the individual project is almost 2 ton of lead and the waste management is critical.

So finally, the lithium battery storage system is all way beneficent than any of two different solutions because of its per unit energy cost throughout the project life time is just only Rs 26.5 (Diesel and Lead acid) because of its environment friendly and the long life time more than fifteen years.